If a stock's performance has historically been more volatile than the market as a whole, its beta will be higher than 1.0. A stock with a beta of 1.0 indicates that it moves in tandem with the S&P 500. The beta of an individual stock is based on how it performs in relation to the index's beta. The beta of the S&P 500 is expressed as 1.0. The term "beta" is simply a measure of a stock's sensitivity to the movement of the overall stock market. As its name suggests, this index measures the daily changes among 500 large US corporations, based on their market capitalization. For example, the S&P 500 Index is a widely used measure of overall performance of the US stock market. The performance of the stock market, whether as a whole or as different segments, is measured by stock market indexes. So let's examine the theories behind the recent popularity of smart beta strategies. As with any investment choice, it's best to understand the concepts behind a particular strategy before investing. Infographic references: Performance Horse Nutrition, USGS, Janicki et al., 2001, Pagan et al., 1999Ĭontact your Poulin Grain Feed Specialist to test your hay quality and build a personalized diet for your horse.In recent years, investors have poured billions of dollars into so-called "smart beta" investment strategies. But with vitamin E, natural is significantly better.ġ00% Natural Vitamin E can be found in Poulin Grain's E-TEC and EQUI-PRO lines of super premium equine feeds.Ĭheck out these downloadable flyers for quick facts on Vitamin E and Selenium:
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There is little difference between the natural and synthetic forms of most vitamins. Specific transport proteins in the liver tend to bind better to natural vitamin E, allowing it to be transported to other tissues in the body to be used for important functions, including as an antioxidant. Due to its molecular structure, natural vitamin E is much better absorbed in the body. Natural vitamin E comes from plant oils instead of petroleum. Natural vitamin E is generally labelled d-alpha tocopherol, d-alpha tocopherol acetate, or d-alpha tocopherol succinate but can sometimes appear as mixed tocopherols (mixed tocopherols, contain not only d-alpha tocopherol but natural mixtures of beta, gamma, and delta tocopherols).
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Synthetic vitamin E is also excreted faster than the natural form, so it doesn’t have as much time to get into the tissues where it is needed. Some studies have shown that three times more synthetic vitamin E is needed to equal the biological activity of natural vitamin E. It is also not as bioavailable (meaning easily used by the body) as its natural counterpart, decreasing overall absorption and utilization of the vitamin. Synthetic vitamin E, due to its chemical structure, is only about 12% as potent as natural vitamin E. Synthetic vitamin E (dl-alpha-tocopherol or any variation starting with dl-) is found in most supplemental vitamin e sources fed to horses. Synthetic vitamin E does not come from a natural food source and is generally derived from petroleum products. Alpha-tocopherol is considered the most active natural form because it is the preferred form of vitamin E transported and used by the liver. Even though there are 8 forms of vitamin E, the most biologically active form of the vitamin is called alpha-tocopherol. Vitamin E naturally exists in eight different forms (alpha-, beta-, gamma-, and delta-tocopherols and tocotrienols) each of which has slightly different activity in the body. Normal reference ranges for plasma/serum concentrations of α-tocopherol in the horse are: The required amounts of Vitamin E, as set by the 2007 Nutrient Requirements for Horses, for an 1100lb horse are in the table below. Main dietary sources of vitamin E are fresh green grass and supplemental forms. Too much vitamin E (over 10,000 IU per day)can be dangerous and may increase the risk of, as well as interfere with, the uptake of Vitamin A. It aids the body in properly using vitamin K, helping maintain normal blood viscosity.
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Vitamin E also helps keep the immune system strong. Through this mechanism, vitamin E serves to maintain normal neuromuscular function. Its most important role is as an antioxidant that works closely with its partners Selenium and Vitamin C to protect the body from the oxidative stress of exercise, illness and certain medical conditions. Vitamin E (tocopherol) is an important fat-soluble vitamin that plays several roles in the body.